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American Psychological Association (APA) Citation Style
1. Introduction: The APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in writing an article / paper. The APA style requires both a text citation and a bibliography. The reference list for each in-text citation must contain a complete citation.
2. In-text citations: In APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs to clarify what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited. To cite a specific part of the source (always required for quotation), one must include the page (p or pp.), Chapter (chapter), paragraph (para or ¶), etc. in the text.
2.1 Basic Guidelines for Text Guidelines
a) Enlarge the proper noun: Always capitalize the first letter of the appropriate noun word, including the author's name and initials: for example: b. Burman.
b) Capitalize a word that is four or more letters long: If you mention the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all the words that are four letters long or more within the title of a source. Example: Library legislation in India. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
c) Capitalize sub-title: Capitalize the first word after a dash or cologne.
d) Italicized book title: long works or underlining titles of long works such as books, edited collections, films, television series, documentaries or albums.
E) Put quotation marks for the article title: Put quotation marks around the titles of smaller works such as magazine articles, articles from edited collections, episodes of television series, and song titles.
F) Short Quote: If you are quoting directly from a work, you must include the author's surname, year of publication and page number before "P". Or "paragraph" in-text citations
G) Long quotations: In case of 40 words or long quotations, put it in a free standing block of lines typed without quotation marks but on a new line, indent 1/2 inch from the left margin, At the same time you will start a new paragraph and type the entire quote on the new margin. The parental citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
2.2 Examples of text civilizations
A) Works by a single author: The author's last name and year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. If the author's name and / or date appear as part of the narrative, only cite missing information in parentheses.
To cite a specific part of the source (always required for citations), include the page (p or pp.), Chapter (chapter), etc. in the in-text citation. If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as web-based journals), provide a paragraph number or heading.
Examples:
If there is a rural library, then there should be an urban library (Burman, 2008).
"If there is a rural library then there must be an urban library" (Burman, 2008, p. 5)
"If there is a rural library then there must be an urban library" (Burman, 2008, para 2).
Burman (2008) stated that "if there is a rural library then there should be an urban library" (p.5)
b) Works by double authors: In the case of two authors, combine the names with an ampersand (&) and cite both names each time the text is referenced. In the narrative text, combine the names with the word "and".
Examples:
Gateway to Knowledge (Burman & Baishya, 2010)
Burman and Baishya (2010) performed
C) More works than double authors: When a work has three, four or five authors, it refers to all authors for the first time of reference. In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the first author's surname after "et al". (Latin for "and others") and year of publication.
Examples:
First time: Lahkar, Burman, and Baishya (2015) listed
Later time: Lahkar et al. (2015) is listed
D) Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.: Group names that serve as writers (corporate writers) are usually spelled each time the names that appear in the textual context. When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are written in the first context and abbreviated to all subsequent citations. The general rule to summarize in this manner is that a reader be provided with sufficient information in the textual citation to locate its source in the reference list without difficulty.
Examples:
first time
Library: Gateway to Knowledge (National Knowledge Commission [NKC], 2007)
Time after
Library: Gateway to Knowledge (NKC, 2007)
E) Does not work with an author: When a work has no author, use the first two or three words (excluding any introductory article) of the title of the work as your text reference, each Capitalize the word. If it refers to an article, chapter of a book or web page, place the title within quotation marks. If it refers to a book, periodical, brochure or report, italicize the title.
Examples:
Twenty-one Public Libraries Act ("Public Library Legislation", 2014)
Twenty-one Public Libraries Act (UGC Net Guide, 2014)
F) Works with Anonymous Writers: Anonymous authors should be listed in this way after a comma and a date.
Examples:
Twenty-one libraries are functioning in India (Anonymous, 2014)
G) Citing a source found in another source: If you find great information being quoted or paraphrased somewhere, then it is worth your effort to track the original source so that you can read it for yourself and hence it directly Please quote. Therefore, when possible you should avoid secondary sources. It is fine to cite a secondary source after exhausting the options to find the original source.
When you mention any other work mentioned in the source you are reading, name the author of the original source in your text. Use the second source in parentheses in the words, "as quoted." Include secondary sources in the reference, but not the original work.
Examples:
In an email to his colleagues, Professor A. P. J. Abdul Kalam argued that… (as cited in Burman, 2010).
3. References: Resources cited in the text of a research paper should appear in the bibliography or bibliography. This list provides the information needed to identify and retrieve each source.
3.1 Basic Guidelines for References
a) Alphabetical order: The entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by the authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.
B) and for multiple authors: Write the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. When listing multiple authors of the same work, use an ampersand (and) instead of the word "and". Such as Smith, J.D., and Jones, M.
c) Capitalization of the first word: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.
d) P. Or for pagination: use the abbreviation p. Or pp. To specify the page number of articles from magazines, including newspapers, periodically articles and chapters from edited books.
E) Use hanging indentation: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 places) to create a "hanging indent".
F) The titles of books and magazines are italics: it is appropriate to use italics for the tiles of books and magazines. In case of handwriting, please underline it.
G) Use a static Internet address: A static Internet address must be included and the reader must be as close to the actual work as possible. If the task has a digital object identifier (DOI), use it. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a static URL. If the URL is not static, as often happens with websites, online newspapers, some subscription-based databases, and so on, use the home page of the site you retrieved from the work.
H) Date published or retrieved: If the work is a final published and dated edition, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is sufficient. However, if the work is not dated and / or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, wiki, etc., include the date you retrieved the information.
3.2 Reference Examples
A) Articles from print journal/journal: The title of the article is in sentence-case, which means that only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. From time to time the title is presented in the case and italicized
Examples:
Burman, b. (2011). Classification of library documents using the web. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 1 (1), 50–55.
b) Articles from online journal/journal with DOI
Examples:
Burman, b. And Baishya, K. (2011, 21 June). Classification of library documents using the web. World Library, 20 (1). doi: 10.4018 / barma.201
C) Articles from online journal/journal without DOI
Examples:
Burman, b. (2011). Classification of library documents using the web. World Library, 20 (1). Retrieved from http://www.worlib.org/vol20no1/barmanprint_v20n1.shtml
D) Single author books were published
Examples:
Burman, B. (2012). Library and Information Science: UGC Net Guide (2nd ed.). Guwahati: DVS Publishers.
E) Printed books with double author
Examples:
Burman, b. And Baishya, K. (2012). Library and Information Science: UGC Net Guide (2nd ed.). Guwahati: DVS Publishers.
E) Printed books with double author
Examples:
Burman, b. And Baishya, K. (2012). Library and Information Science: UGC Net Guide (2nd ed.). Guwahati: DVS Publishers.
F) Single author printed book
Examples:
Lahkar, n. (No.) (2008). Pro Alaka Burgohain Festchrift Volume: Changing the Library Landscape in the Digital Age. Guwahati: Assam Library Association.
G) Edited book edited by double author
Examples:
Lahkar, N., and Singh, S. (No.) (2008). Pro Alaka Burgohain Festchrift Volume: Changing the Library Landscape in the Digital Age. Guwahati: Assam Library Association.
H) Chapter from an edited book
Examples:
Burman, b. And Lahkar, Ann. (2008). Blog: A major study and practice area for LIS professionals. Narendra Lahkar (ed.), Pro Alaka Burgohin Festchrift Vol .: Changing the Library Landscape in the Digital Era (pp. 21–32). Guwahati: Assam Library Association.
i) Encyclopedia article with author
Examples:
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. L. T. Lorimer (ed.), The Encyclopaedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390–392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
J) Article from an online encyclopedia/dictionary without the author
Examples:
Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopडियाdia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2018, from http://search.eb.com
k) Published conference proceedings
Examples:
Lahkar, n. (Ed.) (2007). Rural Libraries in North East India: Problems and Prospects: National Seminar on Problems and Potentials of Rural Libraries organized in Guwahati on 28-29 March in North East India. Guwahati: Central Reference Library.
L) Paper from the proceedings of the published conference
Examples:
Burman, b. (2007). View of rural library movement in Assam. Narendra Lahkar (ed.), Rural Libraries in North East India: Problems and Prospects: National Seminar on Problems and Prospects of Rural Libraries in North East India, Guwahati, 28–29 March, (pp. 43–64). ). Guwahati: Central Reference Library.
m) Paper presented at the conference
Examples:
Burman, b. (2007). View of rural library movement in Assam. Paper presented at the National Seminar on Problems and Prospects of Rural Libraries on 28-29 March in Guwahati, North East India.
n) Newspaper article with author
Examples:
Burman, B. (2018, April 9). Why you should be a librarian The Assam Tribune, p. 4.
O) Article from the newspaper without the author
Examples:
Why you need to be a librarian (2018, 9 April). The Assam Tribune, p. 4.
P) Master or M.Phil. Dissertation or Ph.D. Thesis
Examples:
Burman, b. (2011). Management of web resources in library and information science (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Gauhati University, Guwahati.
4. Generation of Generations: The best way to cite it is to do it manually ie by reading through the manual of standard citations and then rendering it while writing the article. However, there may be occasions when you need to change the citation style or you need to use it repetitively or you lack sufficient time to go through the standard citation styles manual. In such cases any refinery, endnotes, citation machine (http://citationmachine.net), EasyBib (http://www.easybib.com/), Microsoft Word (under context tab) citation creation software Can take help of And so on.
a) Citation Machine: Citation machine (http://citationmachine.net) helps students and professional researchers to properly credit the information they use. It helps in making citations in MLA 7th Ed, APA 6th Ed, Turabian, Chicago format.
B) eZeebib:eZeebib (http://www.easybib.com/) supports APA, MLA, Turbian and Chicago citation styles.
c) Microsoft Word: MS Word's context tab can be used automatically according to APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian, etc.
5. Conclusion: The APA manual provides several examples citing a variety of sources; However, it does not provide rules citing all types of sources. Therefore, if you have a source that does not include APA, APA suggests that you find an example that is similar to your source and use this format.
Examples are shown in this writing of some commonly used sources. If you need a comprehensive list of all sources, or additional examples and more detailed information about the APA citation style, please refer to the American Psychological Association publication manual.
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